The work of surveyors involves surveying land to demarcate boundaries for a number of infrastructure and structures. Some of these infrastructure and structures are private homes, factory structures, public facilities, railways, roads and many more. A lot of responsibilities are charged to surveyors. This means it is a must that they are licensed and well trained for them to discharge their duties and responsibilities to the community. There are various requirements set by every country that must be met by surveyors for them to work. This is what Missouri Boundary Survey are all about.
Surveying is an old discipline that has been around for a very long time. Evidence of this field being practiced by ancient civilizations such as the Greek and Roman Empires exist. Even though it was exercised on a basic level at that time, a lot of improvement has been done to make it better. Today, the field is very sophisticated in terms of methods and equipment used.
Globally, various instruments are made use of in this field. Theodolite, 3D scanners, measuring tape, rod, GPS/GNSS, and total station are among the commonest instruments in use. Many of them are screwed onto a tripod to allow them to be utilized effectually. Normally, tape measures are applied for short distances.
In surveying, angles are measured by the use of a theodolite. Angles in the horizontal and vertical planes are measured using two separate circles, alidades, and protractors. The target object is usually aligned vertically with a telescope. Telescopes are usually mounted on trunnions. The vertical circle is used to measure the angle made by the telescope against the vertical line. This line is called the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special type of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself. Gyrotheodolites are used in situations where reference marks do not exist. Gyrotheodolite is used in underground applications. Further development of theodolites into total stations has been done. Basically, total stations are theodolites. It is only that their design incorporates an electronic distance measurement device.
Total stations can be used for leveling when set on horizontal planes. During the first introduction of total stations, the devices were optical-mechanical. However, nowadays, they are fully electronic due to the better technology used. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed to return pulses of light used for measuring distances in modern stations. Advanced stations are completely robotic and are able to e-mail data to computers that are remote.
Modern stations can automatically connect to satellite positioning systems. Surveying speed has highly increased due to real time kinematic GPS systems. However, these systems have a restricted accurateness in both horizontal and vertical planes. While vertical accuracy has an accurateness of 30-40mm, the accurateness of horizontal is only at 20mm.
There is much variation in the application of GPS in surveying compared to the way GPS is applied in other equipment and methods. Two receivers are used in static GPS. These two receivers are positioned in a place for a significant period to allow them to compare measurements as satellites orbit. This ensures accuracy.
Surveying is an old discipline that has been around for a very long time. Evidence of this field being practiced by ancient civilizations such as the Greek and Roman Empires exist. Even though it was exercised on a basic level at that time, a lot of improvement has been done to make it better. Today, the field is very sophisticated in terms of methods and equipment used.
Globally, various instruments are made use of in this field. Theodolite, 3D scanners, measuring tape, rod, GPS/GNSS, and total station are among the commonest instruments in use. Many of them are screwed onto a tripod to allow them to be utilized effectually. Normally, tape measures are applied for short distances.
In surveying, angles are measured by the use of a theodolite. Angles in the horizontal and vertical planes are measured using two separate circles, alidades, and protractors. The target object is usually aligned vertically with a telescope. Telescopes are usually mounted on trunnions. The vertical circle is used to measure the angle made by the telescope against the vertical line. This line is called the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special type of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself. Gyrotheodolites are used in situations where reference marks do not exist. Gyrotheodolite is used in underground applications. Further development of theodolites into total stations has been done. Basically, total stations are theodolites. It is only that their design incorporates an electronic distance measurement device.
Total stations can be used for leveling when set on horizontal planes. During the first introduction of total stations, the devices were optical-mechanical. However, nowadays, they are fully electronic due to the better technology used. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed to return pulses of light used for measuring distances in modern stations. Advanced stations are completely robotic and are able to e-mail data to computers that are remote.
Modern stations can automatically connect to satellite positioning systems. Surveying speed has highly increased due to real time kinematic GPS systems. However, these systems have a restricted accurateness in both horizontal and vertical planes. While vertical accuracy has an accurateness of 30-40mm, the accurateness of horizontal is only at 20mm.
There is much variation in the application of GPS in surveying compared to the way GPS is applied in other equipment and methods. Two receivers are used in static GPS. These two receivers are positioned in a place for a significant period to allow them to compare measurements as satellites orbit. This ensures accuracy.
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